Papaver rhopalothece Stapf (Sect. Rhoeades Bernh.) is an annual species which is endemic to Western Anatolia. During our botanical excursion, we have observed that this species is used together with P. rhoeas L. in folk medicine against cough. The alkaloids of P. rhopalothece have now been examined for the first time. The major alkaloids were the aporphine (+)-isocorydine and phthalideisoquinoline (—)-α-narcotine. Alkaloids also present in relatively large amounts were the berbinium salts berberine and coptisine, the protopines protopine and cryptopine, the dihydrooxepine (+)-cularine, the aporphine (+)-roemerine, a new alkaloid (+)-rhopalotine [1; (+)-4-hydroxyisocorydine], and the phthalideisoquinoline narceine. The finding of a cularine-type in a Papaver species is somewhat surprising since in recent years cularine-type alkaloids had been detected only among Corydalis and Dicentra species within the Papaveraceae. Narcotine has been isolated together with narceine for the first time from a species in the section Rhoeades. The presence of narcotine as the major alkaloid in the species most probably is responsible for the antitussive property of the plant.