<jats:p>The dorsal glandular extract of the floodplain toadlet Uperoleia inundata contains more than 50 peptides: we report the amino acid sequences and bioactivity data of 13 of these. The peptides have been sequenced by using a combination of mass spectrometry and automated Edman sequencing. Ten of the peptides have been synthesized in order to confirm their structures, and to enable bioassays to be carried out. Ten peptides are host- defence agents, including ( i ) a powerful new neuropeptide of the tachykinin family which we name uperin 1.1 [ pGlu Ala Asp Pro Asn Ala Phe Tyr Gly Leu Met (NH2)], and (ii) nine antibiotic peptides including five uperins 2 [e.g. uperin 2.1, Gly Ile Val Asp Phe Ala Lys Lys Val Val Gly Gly Ile Arg Asn Ala Leu Gly Ile (OH)], three uperins 3 [e.g. uperin 3.1, Gly Val Leu Asp Ala Phe Arg Lys Ile Ala Thr Val Val Lys Asn Val Val (NH2)] and uperin 4.1 [ Gly Val Gly Ser Phe Ile His Lys Val Val Ser Ala Ile Lys Asn Val Ala (NH2)]. The function of the three other characterized peptides in the amphibian integument is not known, viz. ( i ) uperin 5.1 [ Phe Gln Phe Val Asn Pro Ser Asp Ile Val Phe Gly Ser (OH)] and (ii) the two uperins 6 [e.g. uperin 6.1, Gly Leu Ala Gly Ala Ile Ser Ser Ala Leu Asp Lys Leu Lys Gln Ser Gln Leu Ile Lys Asn Tyr Ala Lys Lys Leu Gly Tyr Pro Arg (OH)].