Four xanthocillins (1-4), including a new compound 4, were isolated from cultured marine fungus Basipetospora sp. as thrombopoietin (TPO) mimics. Compounds 1-4 promoted the proliferation of a TPO-sensitive human leukemia cell line, UT-7/TPO, and UT-7/EPO-mpl, genetically engineered to express c-Mpl, a receptor for TPO in dose-dependent manners. However, the proliferation of UT-7/EPO, a parental cell line of UT-7/EPO-mpl that was devoid of TPO receptor, was not affected by them. Thrombopoietic action of compound 1 was nearly as potent as that of TPO, inducing cell proliferation at a concentration ranging from 1 to 100nM. Compound 1 also induced the phosphorylation of several proteins, including Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducers, and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in the UT-7/EPO-mpl cell line, but not in the UT-7/EPO cell line. These data indicated that xanthocillins are putative agonists for c-Mpl, as their cellular actions were analogous to those of TPO.