Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. They exhibit high structural variability, with nearly 250 variants described to date. This variability can result in incomplete detection of MC variants during lake surveys due to the frequent use of targeted analytical methods and a lack of standards available for identification and quantitation. In this study, Lake Uluabat in Turkey was sampled during the summer of 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of the environmental mcyA sequences suggested Microcystis spp. were the major MC contributors. A combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography with UV detection and mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS), and a novel liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method, together with thiol and periodate reactivity, revealed more than 36 MC variants in the lake samples and a strain of M. aeruginosa (AQUAMEB-24) isolated from Lake Uluabat. Only MCs containing arginine at position-4 were detected in the culture, while MC-LA, -LY, -LW and -LF were also detected in the lake samples, suggesting the presence of other MC producers in the lake. The previously unreported MCs MC-(H2)YR (dihydrotyrosine at position-2) (17), [epoxyAdda