Chemical constituents of the bark of X. ailanthoides SIEB. et Zucc. [F. ailanthoides (SIEB. et ZUCC.) ENGL.], Rutaceae, were examined. Xanthyletin (1) was isolated as a major component along with three coumarins [luvangetin (13), auraptene (32), and umbelliferone (14)], three alkaloids [des-N-methylchelerythrine (21), acetonylchelerythrine (30), and oxynitidine (39)], three amide derivatives [N-isobutyl-(2E,4E)-2,4-tetradecadienamide (33), 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone (22), and arnottianamide (40)], five lignans [(-)-asarinin (41), (-)-syringaresinol (42), (-)-epipinoresinol (43), (-)-pinoresinol (44), and (-)-secoisolariciresinol (45)], and two other components [β-sitosterol (11) and β-amyrin (20)]. Other than the above seventeen known components, one new alkaloid designated as ailanthoidine (37) and one new lignan, pluviatilol 3,3-dimethylallyl ether (23), were isolated.