Twelve new minor diterpenoids, possessing 5/6/8 (1 and 2), 5/6/7/3 (3-9), and 5/6/6/4 (10-12) fused-ring skeletons, as determined by spectroscopic analysis, were isolated from an ethanol extract of the roots of Euphorbia micractina, together with 25 known compounds. The structures of the diterpene skeletons are rare and have been found only in compounds isolated from Euphorbia micractina and Euphorbia villosa. On the basis of the octant rule for cyclohexanones, the absolute configurations of 1-12, as well as of the known euphactins A-D and euphoractins A-D (13-15), could be assigned by circular dichroism spectroscopy. In addition, the co-occurring jolkinol B (16) was chemically transformed to euphoractin E (17), supporting the absolute configuration assignment and the biogenetic relationship between the different types of diterpenes. Compound 9 showed activity against HIV-1 replication in vitro, with an IC50 value of 8.8 ± 0.6 μM.