Zhuling Jianpi Capsule (Zhuling) is a traditional Chinese medicinal formula used to treat symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the protective effects of Zhuling on experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) and the effective substance responsible for its efficacy have rarely been reported. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of orally administrated Zhuling on DSS-induced UC in mice. The chemical constituents and metabolomics of Zhuling were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The results showed that Zhuling treatment markedly alleviated DSS-induced clinical symptoms, restrained the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved intestinal epithelial barrier function. Furthermore, a total of 167 compounds have been identified or characterized, and 120 prototype components were detected in the urine, plasma, bile and feces of mice. Among them, altogether 26 representative prototypes were associated with 139 metabolites via the corresponding biotransformation pathways, and both of them mainly contained flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and anthraquinones. Finally, 12 potent compounds mainly containing flavonoids, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids were screened out as potential quality control index components and might be the main substances that exert a pharmacological effect. Our data indicated that Zhuling administration prominently alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice. Additionally, the chemical and metabolic profiling provided helpful information on the potential pharmacodynamic substances of Zhuling, which can be further investigated in the future. CI - (c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.