(+)-Catharanthine potentiates the GABAA receptor by binding to a transmembrane site at the β(+)/α(-) interface near the TM2-TM3 loop

Biochemical Pharmacology
2022.0

Abstract

(+)-Catharanthine, a coronaridine congener, potentiates the y-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) and induces sedation through a non-benzodiazepine mechanism, but the specific site of action and intrinsic mechanism have not been defined. Here, we describe GABAAR subtype selectivity and location of the putative binding site for (+)-catharanthine using electrophysiological, site-directed mutagenesis, functional competition, and molecular docking experiments. Electrophysiological and in silico experiments showed that (+)-catharanthine potentiates the responses to low, subsaturating GABA at 132/3-containing GABAARs 2.4-3.5 times more efficaciously than at 131-containing GABAARs. The activity of (+)-catharanthine is reduced by the 132(N265S) mutation that decreases GABAAR potentiation by loreclezole, but not by the 133(M286C) or a1(Q241L) mutations that reduce receptor potentiation by R(+)-etomidate or neurosteroids, respectively. Competitive functional experiments indicated that the binding site for (+)-catharanthine overlaps that for loreclezole, but not those for R (+)-etomidate or potentiating neurosteroids. Molecular docking experiments suggested that (+)-catharanthine binds at the 13(+)/a(-) intersubunit interface near the TM2-TM3 loop, where it forms H-bonds with 132-D282 (TM3), 132-K279 (TM2-TM3 loop), and 132-N265 and 132-R269 (TM2). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments supported the in silico results, demonstrating that the K279A and D282A substitutions, that lead to a loss of Hbonding ability of the mutated residue, and the N265S mutation, impair the gating efficacy of (+)-catharanthine. We infer that (+)-catharanthine potentiates the GABAAR through several H-bond interactions with a binding site located in the 13(+)/a(-) interface in the transmembrane domain, near the TM2-TM3 loop, where it overlaps with loreclezole binding site.

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