The review presents an analysis of publications devoted to the identification of biological activity, component composition, pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of various components of the Curcuma longa plant. This publication was prepared using mostly articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The analysis showed that Curcuma longa contains a wide range of biologically active substances, including curcuminoids, volatile oils, resins, alkaloids. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, neuroprotective, antiproliferative and a number of other effects. Thus, Curcuma longa has a high therapeutic potential and can be a promising type of raw material for the development of drugs effective in various diseases. © 2023, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.