Chemical investigation on the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia Linnaeus f. Afforded 19 compounds, including three diterpenoids (1-3), two iridoids (4 and 5), three xanthones (6-8), an alkaloid (9), seven lignans (10-16), and three sesquilignans (17-19). The structures of these compounds were established via spectroscopic analysis and comparison of their NMR data with the literature. Compounds 1, 6-9, 11-18 were isolated from V. rotundifolia for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was summarized herein.