3-epi-Casuarine, the first naturally occurring stereoisomer of casuarine, was isolated from Myrtus communis L. The glycosidase inhibition profile and NMR spectra of 3-epi-casuarine are compared with those of casuarine; the change in configuration at one of the six stereogenic centres causes a dramatic change in the conformation of the bicyclic system. The key step in the 6% overall yield synthesis of 3-epi-casuarine from D-gluconolactone is the efficient cyclization of a completely unprotected pentahydroxyaminomcsylate to the pyrrolizidine nucleus. A low yield synthesis of casuarine is also reported. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.