Lycopodium alkaloids are unique heterocyclic alkaloids having C 11N, C15N2, C16N, C 16N2, C22N2, and C 27N3 types from genus Lycopodium and have attracted great interest from biogenetic and biological points of view as well as providing challenging targets for total synthesis. This review covered the structure elucidation and biological activity of new Lycopodium alkaloids and total synthesis of some Lycopodium alkaloids reported in the literature from 2004 to July in 2008. © 2009 The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry All rights reserved.