A series of analogues of capsaicin, the pungent principle of chilli peppers, was synthesized and tested in assays for capsaicin-like agonism in vitro. The results of these assays were compared with activities in an acute nociceptive model and a correlation was observed which established that the results of these in vitro assays were predictive of analgesia. Using a modular approach the structure-activity profile of specific regions of capsaicin congeners was established using an in vitro assay measuring 45Ca2+ uptake into neonatal rat dorsal root ganglia neurones. Substituted benzylnonanamides 2a-z and N-octyl-substituted phenylacetamides 4a-v were made to test the requirements for activity in the aromatic "A-region" of the molecule. Compounds with the natural substitution pattern (2b and 4c) and the corresponding catechols (2i and 4g) were the most potent, although the catechols were less potent in vivo. Other substitution patterns have reduced activity. These results have established stringent structural requirements for capsaicin-like activity in this part of the molecule.