Microtubule-targeted drugs play a critical role in various types of cancer therapy worldwide. In our study, a series of novel indole derivatives containing sulfonamide scaffold were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Among them, compound 18 displayed the most potent inhibitory effect on antiproliferative activity against four kinds of human cancer cell lines ((IC50 values of 0.24–0.59 µM).) and tubulin assembly (IC50 = 1.82 µM). The continued further work demonstrated that compound 18 was a potent inducer of apoptosis in HeLa and could cause cell arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Molecular docking and confocal microscopy assay results indicated that compound 18 could bind tightly to the colchicine binding site of tubulin and acted as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor. A 3D-QSAR model was also built to provide more information which could be applied to design new molecules with more potent tubulin inhibitory activity.