<jats:p>A novel bacterium, designated TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup>, belonging to the genus <jats:italic> <jats:named-content content-type="genus"> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1601/nm.6817" xlink:type="simple">Streptomyces</jats:ext-link> </jats:named-content> </jats:italic>, was isolated from soil sampled in cotton fields in Xinjiang, PR China. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> was phylogenetically most closely related to <jats:italic> <jats:named-content content-type="species"> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1601/nm.7103" xlink:type="simple">Streptomyces laurentii</jats:ext-link> </jats:named-content> </jats:italic> LMG 19959<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> (99.38 % sequence similarity); however, strain TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> had a relatively low DNA–DNA relatedness value with <jats:italic> <jats:named-content content-type="species"> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1601/nm.7103" xlink:type="simple">S. laurentii</jats:ext-link> </jats:named-content> </jats:italic> LMG 19959<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> as determined by calculating the average nucleotide identity value (84.42 %). Strain TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> possessed <jats:sc>ll</jats:sc>-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid, MK-9 (H<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>) and MK-9 (H<jats:sub>10</jats:sub>) as the major menaquinone. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphotidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and an unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C<jats:sub>15:0</jats:sub>, iso-C<jats:sub>16:0</jats:sub>, anteiso-C<jats:sub>17:0</jats:sub>, iso-C<jats:sub>15:0</jats:sub>, C<jats:sub>16:0</jats:sub>, iso-C<jats:sub>17:0</jats:sub>, cyclo-C<jats:sub>17:0</jats:sub> and anteiso-C<jats:sub>17:1</jats:sub>ω9<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>. The genomic DNA G+C content was 72.6 mol%. Based on the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> represents a novel species of the <jats:italic> <jats:named-content content-type="genus"> <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1601/nm.6817" xlink:type="simple">Streptomyces</jats:ext-link> </jats:named-content> </jats:italic>, for which the name <jats:italic>Streptomyces roseicoloratus</jats:italic> is proposed. The type strain is TRM 44457<jats:sup>T</jats:sup> (=KCTC 39904<jats:sup>T</jats:sup>=CCTCC AA 2016040<jats:sup>T</jats:sup>).