The trunk wood of the central Brazilian Ocotea aciphylla contains two hydrobenzofuranoid and three bicyclo[3.2.l]octanoid neolignans. The former comprise a novel representative of the rare ferrearin (3a-allyl-2-aryl-7ahydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,3~4,7,7a-hexahydro-7-oxo~~ofuran) type. Two new anthraquinones have been isolated from the root bark of Ventilugo calyculata and their structures shown to be 2,4,8-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methylanthraquinone and 2,4,8-trihydroxy-1,6dimethoxy-3-methylanthraquinone.