A Four-Enzyme Pathway for 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylanthranilic Acid Formation and Incorporation into the Antitumor Antibiotic Sibiromycin

Biochemistry
2011.0

Abstract

The antitumor antibiotic sibiromycin belongs to the class of pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) that are produced by a variety of actinomycetes. PBDs are sequence-specific DNA-alkylating agents and possess significant antitumor properties. Among them, sibiromycin, one of two identified glycosylated PBDs, displays the highest DNA binding affinity and the most potent antitumor activity. In this study, we report the elucidation of the precise reaction sequence leading to the formation and activation of the 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylanthranilic acid building block found in sibiromycin, starting from the known metabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK). The investigated pathway consists of four enzymes, which were biochemically characterized in vitro. Starting from 3HK, the SAM-dependent methyltransferase SibL converts the substrate to its 4-methyl derivative, followed by hydrolysis through the action of the PLP-dependent kynureninase SibQ, leading to 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilic acid (3H4MAA) formation. Subsequently the NRPS didomain SibE activates 3H4MAA and tethers it to its thiolation domain, where it is hydroxylated at the C5 position by the FAD/NADH-dependent hydroxylase SibG yielding the fully substituted anthranilate moiety found in sibiromycin. These insights about sibiromycin biosynthesis and the substrate specificities of the biosynthetic enzymes involved may guide future attempts to engineer the PBD biosynthetic machinery and help in the production of PBD derivatives.

Knowledge Graph

Similar Paper

A Four-Enzyme Pathway for 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methylanthranilic Acid Formation and Incorporation into the Antitumor Antibiotic Sibiromycin
Biochemistry 2011.0
Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic 11-demethyltomaymycin and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin by Streptomyces achromogenes
Biochemistry 1976.0
Pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antibiotics. Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic 11-demethyltomaymycin and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin by Streptomyces achromogenes
Biochemistry 1976.0
Biosynthesis of 3-methoxy-5-methyl naphthoic acid and its incorporation into the antitumor antibiotic azinomycin B
Molecular BioSystems 2010.0
Sibanomicin, a new pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotic produced by a Micromonospora sp.
The Journal of Antibiotics 1988.0
An Unprecedented 1,2‐Shift in the Biosynthesis of the 3‐Aminosalicylate Moiety of Antimycins
ChemBioChem 2012.0
Macrolide biosynthesis: A single cytochrome P450, PicK, is responsible for the hydroxylations that generate methymycin, neomethymycin, and picromycin in Streptomyces venezuelae
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 1998.0
Studies on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic reductiomycin in Streptomyces xanthochromogenus
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1993.0
Biosynthesis of the 4-Methyloxazoline-Containing Nonribosomal Peptides, JBIR-34 and -35, in Streptomyces sp. Sp080513GE-23
Chemistry & Biology 2014.0
Activation and Characterization of Bohemamine Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Streptomyces sp. CB02009
Organic Letters 2020.0