Unsaturated fatty acid amides, which formed from an unsaturated fatty acid and an amine, have diverse biological potency including the modulatory effect on isolated gastrointestinal tract, the effect on transactivational activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and the cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory activity.1–3 At present, more than 20 unsaturated fatty acid amides have been isolated from Zanthoxylum piperitum, such as α-sanshool, β-sanshool, hydroxyl-γ-sanshool and ZP-amide A–F, which possessed unsaturated aliphatic acids conjugated with isobutylamine or its derivatives.2–6 To our knowledge, natural compounds possessing a 12-carbon polyketide conjugated with L-isoleucine (or derivatives), for example, curvularides A–E and coronatine, have been obtained from microbial resources.7,8 In the course of hunting for new biologically active compounds from microbial sources, two new unsaturated fatty acid amides, maoxianamides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from Streptomyces maoxianensis sp. nov. Herein, we report details of the isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of the two new compounds.