The aim of this study was to analyze the bioactive components of Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis (SRA) seeds, and the potential mechanism of SRA seed against chronic bronchitis is elucidated using network pharmacology. In total, 235 constituents were detected from SRA seed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), and 28 active ingredients were identified through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database (TCMSP), which was classified into 10 different categories including flavonoids, diterpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids, isoflavones, phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpene, anthraquinones, phenols, and lignans. Among them, 6 components vestitol(V1), wogonin(W2), cheilanthifoline(C1), miltirone(M2), glabridin(G3), and myricanone (M3) were selected as potential key constituents of SRA seed against chronic bronchitis through network pharmacology analysis. Then the 7 key targets (PTGS2, TP53, TNF, VEGFA, IL1 beta, IL6, and JUN) were obtained based on the target prediction and protein-protein interaction (PPI). In conclusion, we use UPLC-ESI-MS analysis and network pharmacology to reveal the chronic bronchitis mechanisms of SRA seed, which provides new theoretical research ideas for the sustainable development of endangered multifunctional plants.