The present study aimed to investigate the lignan composition of Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir., as no previous reports existed on this. Dried leaves of B. senegalensis were extracted with hot methanol, and the extract was partitioned and purified using various chromatographic methods (Diaion HP-20, silica gel, YMC gel column chromatography). Eight compounds (1–8) were isolated and their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic data and comparison with published data as 4'-hydroxy-3,3',4,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane (1), pinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), liriodendrin (3), Alangilignoside D (4), (+)-lariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (+)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (-)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8). These compounds include three diepoxylignans (1–3), two epoxylignans (4, 5), two cyclolignans (6, 7), and one neolignan (8). This is the first report of lignan compounds from the Boscia genus. The isolation of these lignans may have chemotaxonomic importance for B. senegalensis. Additionally, the presence of compounds 2, 5, and 8 suggests a close relationship between Capparaceae and Brassicaceae, while the occurrence of compounds 6 and 7 supports the close taxonomic relationship between Boscia and Maerua genera.